Dolley Madison

Dolley Payne was born on May 20, 1768, the third of Mary Coles and John Payne Jr.’s nine children.¹ Dolley was born in Guilford County, North Carolina, where her parents briefly moved to establish a Quaker community before returning to Virginia. Although John Payne owned enslaved people during Dolley’s early childhood, he freed them in 1783. It is unknown where Dolley was educated, but her surviving correspondence demonstrates that she learned to read and write.²

Dolley married her first husband, John Todd, also a Quaker, on January 7, 1790. She gave birth to two sons: John Payne Todd in 1792 and William Temple Todd in 1793. However, shortly after the birth of her second son, a yellow fever epidemic swept through Philadelphia, killing both her husband and youngest son in October 1793.³

In May 1794, New York Senator Aaron Burr introduced Dolley to Representative James Madison of Virginia. Although Madison was seventeen years older than Dolley, they were a good match and the couple married on September 15, 1794.⁴

They lived in Philadelphia until 1797 when James left the House of Representatives. The Madisons then moved to Montpelier plantation in Virginia, where Dolley managed the estate and enslaved workers. Following Vice President Thomas Jefferson’s election to the presidency in 1800, he asked James to serve as secretary of state, and the Madisons moved to Washington, D.C.⁵

In the fledgling capital city, Dolley became well known for her hospitality, establishing herself at the center of the Washington social season. She also occasionally hosted events for President Jefferson when his daughters were unavailable.⁶

When James became president in March 1809, Dolley moved into the White House. She worked closely with architect Benjamin Henry Latrobe on the home’s interiors. They sourced Greek style and American made furnishings and artwork, creating a sitting room in the location of today’s Red Room and a drawing room in the place of today’s Blue Room. These rooms appealed to American tastes and added sophistication to the White House, impressing visitors. Renowned for her social skills, Dolley excelled as White House hostess, presiding over dinners, social events, and her famous Wednesday evening “drawing rooms.” Dolley’s social events helped build early Washington society, while allowing her to wield considerable political influence.⁷

When British forces invaded Washington and burned the White House on August 24, 1814, Dolley was forced to flee. Before leaving the White House, she famously directed enslaved and free workers to remove the Gilbert Stuart portrait of George Washington and ensured that it was carried away to safety.⁸ Following the burning, the Madisons moved first to nearby Octagon House and later the Seven Buildings at the intersection of 19th Street and Pennsylvania Avenue, where Dolley continued to host social events.⁹

When the Madisons left the White House in 1817, they retired to Montpelier. Following James’ death in 1836, Dolley faced significant financial difficulties due to the Panic of 1837, her son’s spending habits, and her lifestyle choices. As a result, she ultimately sold her husband’s political papers to Congress, the Montpelier plantation, and enslaved people. Dolley returned to Washington in 1837, living in her sister Anna Payne Cutts’ former home on Lafayette Square. She died on July 12, 1849, at the age of eighty-one and her funeral was held at St. John’s Episcopal Church.¹⁰

Click here to learn more about the enslaved household of the Madison family.